Initial Assessment Essay

The reasoning for using Initial Assessment in my curriculum area is because the majority of students have not completed a formal education or if having done so hold little or no qualifications. The majority of the courses start at entry level therefore no qualifications’ are require, but to offer students progression on to higher levels they need to be holding or be able to achieve a level 1 in communication and application of number. This is the minimum requirement to complete an apprenticeship programme and the vast majority wish to follow the vocational route to being a ‘qualified tradesman’. Procedures Before the day of enrolment students are fore warned at the interview stage what the awarding bodies’ requirement is to do a particular course. In the case of Construction Awards Alliance they have their own assessment criteria to try a match the suitability of the student to a particular trade. However because we deliver from entry to level 2 with three bodies to keep to the assessment process standard the college format is used( booklet produced by the learning centre, attached). Hillier. J (2005 p62) states â€Å"Great care must be used with such assessment activities. Many potential learners will feel highly by being threatened by being asked to undertake a diagnostic assessment. † In my opinion as long as students are made aware that this is not a formal test the majority do not mind taking the test, provided that the reasoning behind it is explained correctly. As a tutor it is important I remember the purpose of the test as Lambert. D and Lines. D (2000 p20) state â€Å"formative assessment is undertaken so that positive achievements of a pupil can be recognised and the appropriate next step planned†. Once all the information is collated this is entered into the course/ student profile booklet, this enables me or any other tutors to look at a particular student or group qualifications and progress as they are recorded for each achievement. Personally I think that the process works well when we complete the diagnostics on line as students can not see how others are doing. Most students feel more comfortable using this method as they do not feel as much pressure as they can wear head phones if required. The whole purpose works well because as a tutor working on entry level and to a certain degree on level 1, communication and application of number can be imbedded into the practical aspects of the course. The major weakness that I feel of the assessment process is that they are not curriculum specific; aspects of application of number are not relevant to the vocational subject. As I have experienced my self and some mature students the terminology of key words has changed until we have had them explained. When using the paper versions students that struggle to read or write often do not complete enough of the booklet, for the tutor to find the true level the students capable / working at. An important aspect that is often missed is the fact that to help students there is a requirement to have extra support in place if require for individuals. If there is no support is there a need for assessment? Yes but ensure all the support is provided and available as required in a timely manner.

Africa and the Americas 1492 to 1750 Dbq

From 1492 to 1750 in the Americas and Africa, there were social and political changes such as a shift of power in the Americas— the power going from the natives to European dominance, a change in the demographics of the Americas— Europeans became a part of the population and the population of natives decreased dramatically, and a change in the demographics of Africa—Africans were taken from their homes and sold for slavery. In the Americas there was a dramatic political shift of power going from the natives to Europeans.Document two suggests that when the Europeans came in, they destroyed the great cities that the natives had already built and established. Hernan Cortes, in his letter to King Charles V, states â€Å"This great city of Tenochtitlan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"The city is as large as Seville or Cordoba†¦ †, â€Å"their [the natives] fashion of living was almost the same as in Spain, with just as much harmony and order†¦Ã¢â‚¬  suggestin g that the cities the Natives had already established were as great as the Spanish’s, before they took over and destroyed them.As a European conqueror Cortes would have seen the greatness of these cities and witnessed how they functioned, also being able to compare it to the cities of Spain, from which he was born and lived in. In his letter he seems honest but contradictory because while he says â€Å"their [the natives] fashion of living was almost the same as in Spain, with just as much harmony and order†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he follows that statement with â€Å"†¦considering these people were barbarous†¦ — hinting that although they lived almost as extravagantly as the Spanish, he still considered them of less worth than Europeans. Natives were used as slaves to mine silver at the Potosi silver mine for the Spanish (document five). Document Five is an excerpt of Compendium and Description of The West Indies written by Spanish priest, Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa , who would have been able to experience the tough and dangerous working conditions that the natives were forced to endure, so his writings would have been mostly accurate, if not partially influenced by his moral beliefs.By the 18th century, Europeans had claimed large territories in the Americas, land which had previously been ruled by the natives, and began to colonize the land (document six). There was also a change in the demographics of the Americas. Document one shows where early European explorers began to populate the Americas. Another legal document comparing the native population and the European population in the Americas from the beginning of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century would help in the understanding of the change in the demographics.Document three displays the effect that the European diseases, such as smallpox, had on the natives, causing death. Another document, such as a diary entry by a native explaining the effects of smallpox on others around him would be particularly helpful in gaining insight of the situation. By 1735 the social ladder in the Americas was completely different— â€Å"Spaniards or Whites, Mestizos, Indians or Natives, and Negroes† (document eight). This shows how the Europeans took over control of the native population, put themselves above the natives, and saw themselves as a higher rank because of skin color.Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa were able to experience it themselves and see how the Europeans believed they were better because of â€Å"riches, rank, and power†. In Africa there was a large social change in the demographics. Africans, even noblemen and their sons, would be taken from their homes in the middle of the night by Whites and forced into slavery; This shows that even their social status had no effect on whether or not they would be enslaved (document four). King Alfonso of Kongo would have seen what was happening to his people.He explains in his letter to King Joa o of Portugal that he knows that his people are enslaving the African men—â€Å"out of great desire for the wares and things of your kingdoms, which are brought here by your people and in order to satisfy their disordered appetite, seize many of our people, freed and exempt men. † From the 15th century to the 18th century the number of slaves being shipped from Africa to the Americas increased greatly, as did the number of deaths in transit (document seven).Document four only speaks of men being enslaved and knowing that while more Africans were enslaved the population remained consistant, it can be concluded that this was a main factor in the increased practice of polygamy in Africa. A document comparing the amount of females to males before and after slavery would be useful in explaining the increase of polygamy in African society.

Black Footed Ferret

Black Footed Ferret Essay In the past three decades very few endangered species have been restored toviable populations. The black footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) was believed tobe the most endangered mammal in the united states. It is a small mink sizedcarnivore of the Great plains and intermountain basins The ferrets appear to beobligatory predators on the prairie dogs and once occupied a range essentiallyidentical to that of the prairie dogs. They prey on them and also use theirburrows for shelter and nesting. The prairie dogs are considered agriculturalpests and competitors with livestock since white settlement first began in theAmerican west. Large scale rodent control programs were implemented by the stateand federal governments. They drastically reduced the population of prairie dogs(and other species related to the prairie dog ecosystem) through trapping,gassing and poisoning. These poisoning programs were considered a major cause ofthe ferrets demise. But, the main cause was the loss of the ferrets preybase and appropriate habitat. Their remaining habitat was fragmented thusleaving the ferret population vulnerable to extinction from various causesincluding inability to find mates, inbreeding depression, environmental events,and disease of ferrets and their prey. The ferrets were believed to be extinctin 1974, but in 1981 a ferret was discovered in Meeteetsee, Wyoming when a ranchdog killed an unusual animal eating from its food dish and the rancher took thecarcass to a knowledgeable taxidermist. This was viewed as a rare chance torecover the species. In 1985, a catastrophic disease struck the small ferretpopulation, and most remaining animals were taken into captivity. Captivebreeding was initiated, and reintroduction into the wild from the captivepopulation began in 1991. The ferret is just one of more than 900 species listedunder the Endangered Species act as either threatened or endangered. Over threethousand more species wait on a list of candidates for such status, but in the1980s over thirty-four species went extinct while on the waiting list (Cohn,1993). Is the ferret program representative of the national effort to recoverspecies? Main body: United States policy on endangered species, including theferret and hundreds of other plants and animals, is codified in the 1973Endangered Species act (ESA ,as amended, U.S. Congress 1983, Bean 1991) . Thispiece of legislation sets a national goal the prevention of any furtherextinction and the restoration of species currently threatened with extinction. The ESA is a highly popular piece of legislature because no one would advocatethe killing of an entire species. But the simple goal of saving a species cloaksa complicated process. The ferret case is a good illustration of how the ESA isactually outfitted, how and state officials and others tackle the complex workof restoring species, and how problems come about in nearly all recovery plans. In short, the ferret rescue is a measure of how the ESA really works. Afterfinding the small population in Wyoming, in 1981, one might expect a well ledand smoothly coordinated recovery effort to have been quickly organized to savea species that had been recognized as Americas most endangered mammal. Manyuniversities, conservation organizations, state and federal agencies, and localpeople were willing to help. Collectively they command substantial resources,not only in terms of money: national and international expertise on populationgenetics and small population management, experienced field researchers, testedbreeding facilities, and support staffs from major zoos. All that was needed forthe ferrets to be restored swiftly, professionally, and efficiently was a meansto bring the talent together in a productive well organized program. Under theESA, the task of organizing recovery efforts is the responsibility of thefederal government acting through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and theU.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. Federal officials had numerous optionsopen to them at the start of the ferret program, one of which was to functionlike administrators of a large hospital, pulling together a world-classprofessional team, supporting the necessary work with adequate funding,equipment and facilities, and relying on the teams judgment to bring aboutthe patients recovery. But this model was not selected. The ferret programwas organized and operated very differently. Section 6 of the ESA requires thatstates be involved to the maximum extent practicable. Early in 1982,the federal government turned the main responsibility for ferret restorationover to the state of Wyoming. Almost immediately, problems began to emerge. READ: Prostitution EssayThrough a formal resolution, the American Society of mammologists (1986:786)urged the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Wyoming Fish and Game department,and other state wildlife departments, and numerous and numerous interestedconservation groups to make broader recovery efforts than those exhibitedby the current program. Miller, Reading, and Forest (Miller et al.1996:208)identify the FWS as the national agent responsible for maintaining professionalrestoration programs. It is our contention, they write, thatRegion 6, of the FWS, failed to make the ferret recovery a national program. Itmay have been easiest for Region 6 to acuiesence to Wyomings agenda in theshort term, but the strategy has probably impaired the recovery in the long run. People, or agencies, in a position to improve conservation should not simplythrow money at a problem, but invest in time and attention as well. TheWyoming Game and Fish department was interested in doing whatever was necessaryto insure that the ferrets be returned to the wild in Wyoming first, whether ornot Wyoming was the best place to introduce them. There could have been sites inother states which were better suited for ferret reintroduction, but thejealousy of the Wyoming Game and Fish department prevents them from consideringsuch an alternative. The Greater Yellowstone Coalition (1990) concluded thatstate-level concerns had taken precedence over national recovery issues. TheWilderness Society concluded that of the 495 species listed in 1988, only about16 (3.2 percent) are recovering. Another 18 listed species (3.6 percent) mayhave already been extinct. This is a record that fails to demonstrate the basicpromises of the act. The General Accounting Office (1992) added that of sixt eenspecies removed from the list, five were recovered, seven were extinct, and fourwere reclassified because of misinformation. Two federal audits of the ESAimplementation have been conducted. Reviews of the FWS endangered speciesprogram and found that the federal government did not maintain centralizedinformation needed to determine how well the overall program was operating. Required recovery plans have not been developed and approved for many species. In 16 recovery plans that were investigated in depth, nearly half of the taskslisted had not been undertaken even though the plans had been approved, onaverage, more than four years earlier. Fws officials attributed this to shortageof funds, the inspector general of the Interior department has lambastedhis federal colleagues at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, charging that theymay be sending species to extinction (Holden1990). Conclusion: Thedestruction of other life forms because of the actions of people is a problemwith profound biological, ecological, economic, and ethical dimensions. We mustassume that a healthy biosphere is in the common interest of humanity. Appreciation of the fundamental importance and far-sightedness of the EndangeredSpecies Act and other biodiversity protection policies has grown over the lasttwo decades, but that has neither prevented nor appreciably slowed theextinction crisis. Around the globe, the problem of extinction is extreme andgrowing, with perhaps scores of species disappearing everyday. The ESA ispotentially a powerful tool to better the extinction crisis, and in many wayshas served as a global model. But despite its value both substantively andsymbolically, there are problems with it, as both the biological and politicaltrends of the past years attest. Implementation has fallen short of promise. Protecting species under the ESA is a long , complex process. Once species arerecognized as deserving of protection and are listed, conservation programs mustbe designed, approved, and then implemented. Almost four thousand species in theUnited States now wait to be afforded the basic protections of the ESA; severalhundred, many of them plants may already be extinct. Beyond the listing process,there are innumerable steps, activities and processes that make up the ESAimplementation. The extinction problem in the U.S. and the world is apparentlygrowing faster than practical policy responses can be generated to stop it. Theblack footed ferret was a good example for showing how there are problems withthe conservation process and limitations of conventional approaches. The ferretrestoration program was fraught with problems, which has added to its notorietyin the public eye and the scientific and conservation communities. If we are toimprove the policy-making process for conserving biodiv ersity, we mustacknowledge the problem openly, honestly, and realistically. We must turn ourknowledge of saving species and take turn it into more effective, more efficientconservation gains. In other words, we must reconstruct the endangered speciesrecovery process. READ: History of Solar Energy EssayBibliographyAmerican Society of Mammologists. 1986. Recovery andrestoration of the black footed ferret. Journal of mammology 67:786. Bean,M.J.1983. The evolution of national wildlife law. Prager, New York. Cohn,J.P.1993. Defenders of biodiversity. Government executive national journal,April:18-22 General accounting office. 1988. Endangered species: Managementimprovements could enhance recovery programs. GAO/RCED 89-5. GPO, Washington. Holden, C.1990. Ecology hero in the interior department. Science 250:620-621. Miller, B.J., R. Reading, C. Conway, J.A. Jackson, M.A. Hutchins, N. Snyder, S. Forest, J. Frazier, and S. Derricson. 1994. Improving endangered speciesprograms: Avoiding organizational pitfalls, tapping the resources, and addingaccountability. Environmental Management 18:637-645. Reffault, W. 1991. Theendangered species lists: Chronicles of extinction? P.77-75. Island Press,Washington.

Globalization and Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Globalization and Culture - Research Paper Example This essay aims to discuss the effects of globalization and culture in the modern world. For instance, there has been economic development because of various interactions between people of different cultures. The main objectives of the essay are to discover why the world has evolved in terms of globalization and cultures. On that note, globalization is the increasing association such as legal, scientific, economic and cultural connections between persons and countries around the world. On the other hand, culture involves the belief, art, morals, law, and customs ad among other capabilities attained by humanity. The limits of the essay include the inability to explain the direct link between globalization and culture. However, the methods of enquiry in compiling the essay include the use of secondary materials such books and internet sources. The background of this research goes back from the days of long distance trade routes that emerged to the modern days of planes and policies pro pelling economies to influence globalization. Globalization has been widely described as the interconnection between states and their cultures through trade, technology, sports and other forms. Due to globalization there have been several effects felt such as change in language, habits, dreams, dress code among others in the cultures of nations. For example, according to Jaenicke, the culture has an effect on dreams. However, the cultural attributes do not follow the accepted regular responses of certain cultures brought by globalization.

SCHOLARLY VS POP MEDIA, FOCUS ON SEXUALITY Research Paper

SCHOLARLY VS POP MEDIA, FOCUS ON SEXUALITY - Research Paper Example The study was conducted in four phases using both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The participants of the study were provided with the introductory health education courses with some small components of sexuality education. Questionnaires were presented to the participants before and after the delivery of these courses. Focus group was also interviewed before and after the courses delivery. After two years survey was conducted among the participants and focus group was also interviewed to examine their understanding often sexuality education and their responsibilities in this context. The article describes the history of sexuality education in New Zealand and informs that it was included in the school curriculum in 1999. The author throw light upon the contribution and strategies of the education and healthcare authorities in developing the guidelines for providing sexuality education to the school students in the country. The main intention of the research study is to develop understanding among the pre service (student) teachers regarding the principles and constructs of sexuality education and their responsibilities to keep it within the lines set by the authorities. The article concludes the study results that the introductory health courses draw important impacts upon the understanding of sexuality education among the students that have to take the role of teachers in coming years. The sexuality education courses work to expand ideas and attitude about the sexuality and health and promote openness tolerance and individual empowerment. Media Article Summary The article teaching sexuality: How much can we expect from classroom teachers? Penned by Elizabeth J. Meyer was published in Psychology Today on July 21, 2010. The article is focused upon the role and responsibilities of teachers in the context of providing sexuality education in the classrooms. The article provides brief overview to the efforts that have been made to construct adequat e policies and strategies regarding the formulation of sexuality education programs at schools. The author argues that the teachers play most important and defining role in developing the perception of the students about sexuality. Hence rather focusing upon making changes in the sexuality education courses and programs it is very important to arrange training programs for the teachers so that they can provide effective sexuality education to the students. The article stresses upon the need of teacher training for better sexuality education as the author believes that after training the teachers became able to properly address the issues of bullying and harassment a t the schools. The author has also provided some guidelines that should be followed by the teachers while facing the sexuality related issues at the schools. The main points and arguments presented in the article are backed by the research studies references and the author has provided research based arguments in the art icle. The main purpose of the article is to provide some recommendations for the improvement of sexuality education at schools. The article concludes that the arrangement of proper teacher training is the key to attain success in addressing the issues of sexuality education at schools because the teacher has the most vital role to play in the entire situation that must be overlooked and the role and training of teachers must be given equal importance as the

Media, culture and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Media, culture and society - Essay Example The BBC is a non-commercial and the most well-known public service broadcaster (PSB) in the UK. However, it was with the launch of the first commercial broadcaster ITV in 1955, which made the government formulate certain rules, wherein, the broadcasters were obliged to show a certain level of local news coverage, arts and religious programming. Later, with the launch of other commercial television broadcasters, the government started PSB channels like Channel 4 and S4C. Channel 4 catered to the minorities and arts, whereas, S4C focused on Welch language programs. Later, Channel 4 went through a restructuring under the Broadcasting Act 1990. Even ITV is attempting to restructure its model by reducing unprofitable PSB programming. The major reason for these PSB channels to restructure is due to the increased competition from the digital and the multi-channel television. Recently, even Ofcom has come up with a consulting paper to decide on what direction the PSB channels should take in the near future. The Ofcom in its report assessed the effectiveness of the designated public service broadcasters - BBC, Channel 3, Channel 4, Five, S4C and Teletext - in delivering the public service purposes set out in the Communications Act in the UK. The report also analysed "how the quality of public service broadcasting can be maintained and strengthened in future." Ofcom set a new framework for PSB that would be adaptable to "respond to and reflect changing technologies, markets, and the needs of citizens and consumers." The Ofcom in its report recommended the formation of a new Public Service Publisher, which would be flexible enough to adapt to the constant changes witnessed in the media industry in the contemporary world. The report also addressed the issue of the governance of the BBC. It stated that the governance framework should "support a well-run, strong, independent and properly funded BBC which operates consistently in the public interest." However, Ofcom also demanded to have a greater clarity between the functions of internal governance, the accountability of publicly funded bodies in broadcasting and of regulation for the broadcasting sector as a whole. The BBC, developed under the first Director General of the channel Lord Reith, had the mission to inform, educate and entertain. Although, being funded by the government, the BBC tried to remain independent from the government's interference, which has made the BBC a respected organisation throughout the world. However, the danger of being influenced by the government and the upper-class society always lurks on an organisation funded by the government. Further, BBC has also earned the reputation for 'cultural paternalism' and being 'popular with the upper-middle-class viewers'. This is also being attacked by the left-wing critics of the media time and again. The first challenges to the BBC's monopoly came in the early 1950s in a report by Ronald Coase, an economist with the London School of Economics and Political Science. Coase in his paper "The British Broadcasting Corporation. A Study in Monopoly" (Coase 1950) identified two clusters of arguments supporting the BBC's monopoly i.e. arguments from technical and efficiency considerations and arguments from programming considerations. Later, former Prime Minister Thatcher, set up the Peacock Commission

Philosophy of Science is about as Useful to Scientists as Ornithology Essay

Philosophy of Science is about as Useful to Scientists as Ornithology is to Birds - Essay Example Philosophers tend to question why things happen the way they do. Science is a field that establishes answers to the questionings from philosophy. According to Feynman, the philosophy of science is an aspect that helps scientists in immense ways although the scientist may never understand the ways in which it does all these. Feynman, as a physician believed in the empirical calculations of science and did not understand the philosophy surrounding science. However, his analogy gives scientists the impetus to analyze the importance of philosophy to science. There is a probability that philosophy contributes a whole lot to science but scientists do not notice. On the other hand, it would be rational to analyze how the two fields interrelate. Many scientists do not believe in philosophy today. This is contrary to what used to be the case before. Many scientists of the old times merged philosophy and science. In the old times, scientists combined science, philosophy, and theology. In the l ife of a scientist today, experimental evidence is fundamental to prove any theory right. Scientists need to understand and define methodologies that lead to a conclusion. Philosophy applies reasoning and rationality and is not an option for many scientists today. It is worth noting that most of scientific breakthroughs started as philosophical enquiries in the past. Pioneers in science found philosophy a worthwhile field and gave it some consideration as a field that could offer insights on nature (Lange, 2007:33). Albert Einstein is a good example of scientists who attached value to philosophy. In one of early books, Einstein argued that everyone should apply philosophy. Some philosophers argue that scientists should adopt... Science and philosophy are two academic fields that seek to establish new knowledge and validate it to pass for the truth. Philosophy does the bigger part of validation and considers empirical; science as a source of information. Some scientists in the past have given philosophy a dismissal because of its lack of substantial evidence. A clear understanding of the two fields will help an individual realize the worth and role of philosophy. The two fields gather knowledge and qualify it as truth using different methods. Scientists should not expect philosophers to dwell on empirical calculations because philosophy as a field uses rationality and logic. On the other hand, science must use experiments and empirical data to ascertain its findings. The two fields may incline on the same issues but they tackle them differently. Philosophy of science plays a bigger role than Feynman claimed. Some critics argue that he contributed to physical philosophy although he did not acknowledge it. Fey nman and his supporters overlooked the importance of philosophy. Underrating philosophy lacks justification because a close examination of its role indicates that it contributes greatly to science. The example of the contributions of philosophy of biology is an illustration that philosophy of science and science can complement each other.

Examine and discuss the philosophical views developed by Epicurus Essay

Examine and discuss the philosophical views developed by Epicurus - Essay Example They  cannot be created or destroyed  though there can be added or subtracted to provide different structure. He  is of the view that atoms exit in different shapes and he states, â€Å"for so many varieties of things as we see could never have arisen out of a recurrence of a definite number of the same shapes. The like atoms of each shape are absolutely infinite, but the variety of shapes†¦not absolutely infinite† (Epicuris.net 12).These atoms are moving all the time as mentioned in Herodotus, â€Å"The atoms are in continual motion through all eternity (Epicuris.net 13)† Furthermore, Epicurus gave reasons that these invisible atoms were of different sizes that provide different sensations and feelings in people as mentioned, â€Å"Again, you should not suppose that the atoms have any and every size, lest you be contradicted by facts; but differences of size must be admitted; for this addition renders the facts of feeling and sensation easier of explanation† (Epicuris.net p.27). Epicurus did not approve of the idea that there was indivisibility of matter as atoms are not divisible. Epicurus believed that cosmos consisted of many worlds that were endless in number, had their point of origination and ends and were in constant movement. It is mentioned in a letter to Herodotus where he clearly stated that these cannot be divided or changed (Epicuris.net p.9). Epicurus had the view that cosmos could be explained by humanistic experiences as humans could remain happy if they became free of supernatural agents like Gods, fear of life after, punishments. Epicurus had the view that it was the nature of human beings that they associate knowledge of cosmos with facts that should be based on empirical data. However, for Epicurus, human beings sensation is the foundations of any investigations of cosmos. According to him, sciences are still inexhaustible which makes the

Promotion - Introduction to Integrated Marketing Communications Essay

Promotion - Introduction to Integrated Marketing Communications - Essay Example To me, the introduction of the white, brown and chocolate-sandwiched bread gave me the knowledge about their efficiency in reaching the customers in time with information on the loss, existence or price increase or fall of these products. The company makes sure that the public, customers or audience in the communication field are reached in the most amicable and plausible way. The company sets information through the points of purchase, the supermarkets within the region. This perfectly reaches the customers as these are the points where they continuously get into contact with the company. The company does this through the use of banners. The company also gets into contact with the customers through the internet and at this point the Andronico’s Company passes information to the customers through the social interactive network platforms, like the tweeter, facebook and other social platforms (Lee & Park, 2007, p 235). To effectively pass the information to the customers about t he products, the company uses direct mail in the case where they have the contact mails of the esteem customers. This will get the customers with notification and beware of the situation in the markets (Lee & Park, 2007, p 228). This will reduce the wasting of time to go to the markets to buy a product not in the market. The company also uses the print media to communicate to the customers about the product that they are interested in. with line this, the company also uses the broadcast media which reaches most of its customers as the broadcast media is widely spread throughout the country. The company organizes events and through which all the relevant information is provided to the customers of specific goods. This will be followed by new information on counter products in place for the lost products in the market at the moment. Andronico’s communicates to the customers through the processes of sales

State sovereignty and globalization Research Paper

State sovereignty and globalization - Research Paper Example This is also possible because of the concept of globalization. Globalization has made it possible to disseminate and distribute information thousands of miles away. Globalization has also led to the emergence of other actors at the international arena, such as International Governmental Institutions. Examples of Inter-Governmental Institutions include the United Nations, NATO, European Union and the African Union. States have to cede some of the sovereign rights in order to be members of these organizations.2. Inter-Governmental Institutions as agents of Globalization: Inter-governmental organization is an institution that is composed of sovereign states, and they join it for the purposes of benefiting politically, socially or economically. The representatives of various governments sign treaties, which then pass through the process of ratification, to give the agreement a legal recognition. The inter-governmental institutions must not be confused with various treaty organizations. F or instance the North American Free Trade Agreement and the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade are not examples of inter-governmental institutions, but they are examples of treaty organizations. Because inter-governmental organizations involve associations between governments at the international arena, it can be termed as an agent of globalization. ... Some Inter-Governmental organizations are formed for the main purpose of restoring and preserving peace. An example of such an institution is the Formation of the League of Nation, after the end of the First World War. The institution was formed to prevent an emergence of another war, similar to the magnitude of the First World War. However, the institution failed to prevent the emergence of the Second World War. Because of this failure, the International community resolved to form the United Nations. One of the failures of the League of Nations is to attract United States of America as a member. United States refused to join the League of Nations, for purposes of protecting its sovereignty. The government of United States of America realized that joining the institution would amount to ceding some of its sovereign rights. Some inter-governmental organizations are formed to promote inter-governmental cooperation in relation to environmental conservation, human rights protection and s ocial development. Examples include UN Habitat, United Nations Economic and Social Council, and Economic Community of West African States. Globalization in this context is seen through the interaction of States, to benefit from those associations either through trade, or advancement of their socio-political ideologies. This is the case of International Monetary Fund and the promotion of Liberalization of a State’s economy. This was the main ideology of United States and the Western parts of Europe3. They were the main financiers of IMF and World Bank. These institutions played a great role in opening up the economies of third world countries, and therefore eroding some elements of their

The Economics of Labor Markets Essay Example for Free

The Economics of Labor Markets Essay That being said, any topic in the Ehrenberg and Smith book is acceptable. There are many sidebar issues that are highlighted, and very complete references and footnotes which would make an easy starting point for a paper. You could find a topic in current events. See the list at the end of this handout for examples. Submission Guidelines Your paper should be 10 to 12 pages in length, excluding exhibits, although if you come up short by a page I would prefer you NOT try to stretch it, so I will not automatically deduct points if your paper is only 9 pages. Your paper should include: 1. An â€Å"abstract†: A one paragraph summary of your topic and conclusions or key findings 2. Introduction and concise explanation of the topic. This must include some insight on why this topic is important, or who it is important to. 3. Main body of the paper: depending on the type of topic you have chosen, this would include different things such as a. An explanation of the different constituencies affected by a policy or labor economics issue b. Discussion of the labor theory that applies to this topic (i. e. discrimination models, efficiency wage model, labor/leisure model, etc. ) c. Discussion of published papers in economics that have examined this topic d. Discussion of specific data used to reach conclusions in these published papers, and how this data might compare to the population you are interested in. e. Use of data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the US Census Bureau, or any other original data source f. A historical examination of similar issues in the present or past (for example, if your topic is the Post-Katrina labor market in New Orleans, look at other cities or regions hit by severe natural disasters) g. Your conclusions based on your research 4. The Conclusion or Summary 5. Reference List (You must use a minimum of six different sources for your paper, and three of these must be from academic journals. None of these can be web-only references. Use of original data counts as a source. ) 6. Your work must be properly documented in the APA system of documentation. Guidelines for this documentation style can be found in Diana Hacker’s A Writer’s Reference; online at ECN 3671 – The Economics of Labor Markets – Spring 2012 http://libguides. babson. edu/citing, and at the Babson Writing Center (Babson Hall 205) and Speech Resource Center (Horn 209). . Exhibits – feel free to embed the exhibits in the document or put them after the references. 8. Honor Code Statement – And please remember that as easy as the internet makes it to plagiarize, it also makes it very easy to catch plagiarism. There is a link to the Babson Academic Integrity Policy in the Term Paper Folder on Blackboard. Additiona l Instructions Use a 12-point font with a 1-inch margin all around. Double space lines and number all pages. All exhibits should be clearly referenced in the text, properly sequenced, and must support your analysis. Edit your document for grammar and readability. Sources ? Journal Articles found through EbscoHost or JStor or any other service Horn Library has access to. Examples of such journals are: o Journal of Labor Economics o Journal of Political Economy o Quarterly Journal of Economics o Journal of Economic Literature o Journal of Economic Perspectives o American Economic Review o Journal of International Economics o Demography o Economic Journal o Review of Economics and Statistics o Industrial and Labor Relations Review ? Books written by economists, sociologists, industrial relations experts ?

Watsons Theory of Human Caring Essay Example for Free

Watsons Theory of Human Caring Essay A caring moment can be defined in many different ways by many different people. To me a caring moment between a patient and a nurse is when a nurse gives the patient their undivided attention. The nurse should take the time to listen to the patient and provide appropriate feedback reassuring the patient that they are being heard and the information as well as them are important. If the patient will allow the nurse to touch them this can be a very comforting gesture even if it is just a brief touch to the hand. Also repeat what the patient stated letting them know that you understood (Watson, 2009). Jean Watson, a nurse, who through personal experiences, beliefs, values and, higher education states that the focus of nursing is human caring, According to Lukose (2011) Caring and the healing task is more heart-centered than conventional nursing practice and extends to examine self and others. The major concepts of Watsons theory of human caring in the caring-healing process has expanded over the years, but based off her theory that it is According to Lukose (2011) connected with the high energy of the universe. Watsons states that the nurse creates a healing environment through forgiveness, compassion and love. Also that by using carative factors and a transpersonal relationship the nurse will be able to treat the whole patient (mind, body, and soul). For a couple of years I was the diabetic nurse at a county jail. I had a diabetic patient that was new to the jail and I was seeing the patient for the first time. I always tried to make my patients feel comfortable by having them sit in a chair and I did the same so we would be on the same level. This particular patient was very angry and did not want to speak about his disease process. Every time I would ask him a question trying to obtain some sort of history he would give answers like I dont care or none of it matters anymore. I continued to see him on a weekly basis trying to find a way to help him start caring again. I would get a little information from him, but I did start to discover that he had been going through some very hard times. The things that had happened to him led him to start drinking alcohol and using drugs which was how he ended up in jail. I continually would try to get him to take his diabetic medications. He also had hypertension and hyperlipidemia and would not take the medications for those either. This went on for two months with him telling me to just leave him alone he is not worth the trouble. I would order laboratory studies he would refuse, I would order medications and he would also refuse those. I usually tried to have face to face visits with the diabetic patients at least twice a week and had one day where I had quite a few patients to see. This patient was on my schedule but not until later in the day. It seemed like everyone was having a bad day almost every patient that I saw was angry and taking it out on me and I was feeling very frustrated. By the time I got to this patient I was fed up, only to hear him tell me how I was wasting my time he was not going to change his mind. So I just looked at him and said I do not even know why I continue to do this, nobody cares anyway as I said this I had tears in my eyes and told the patient he could just go ahead and leave, and he did. I, of course, continued to work as the diabetic nurse but my heart was not in it at all. The next week came and I had another face to face with this patient. When he came into the examination room he was different, I had his medication record and a record of his vital signs and blood glucose checks but had not looked at them. He started to talk before I had a chance, he told me that when he left from the previous visit that he went back to his room and prayed the entire night. He said that God told him that he needed to start following his treatment plan. I than looked at his records and saw that he had been taking all of his medications and that blood pressure and blood glucose numbers were decreasing. I could not believe it, I just looked at him dumbfounded. The patient told me he felt great and that I needed to keep continue what I was doing because I really did make a difference and had changed his life. I must have looked so silly because I was crying and smiling at the same time. He said that he just could not believe that someone cared that much about what happened to him. I continued to see that patient for several more months, and he would tell me how he had started to repair all of the relationships in his life through understanding, forgiveness and god. I learned that I should continue to care for the whole patient with love and accept them for who they are (Caruso, Cisar, Pipe, 2008). Continuing to show this patient how much I cared through my perseverance made a difference in both of our lives. I created a healing and caring environment in an environment that could be harsh with a lack of positive human to human connection. I should not let my frustration be so apparent or voiced the that I did not even know why I became a nurse, it was not professional. I often wonder if that patient had not seen the effect he had on me that he may have never realized that I truly did care. In a different environment I would have been able to enhance this caring moment by being able to give more of my time to the patient and provide even more education. The nursing metaparadigm applied to this patient and I was unaware of it at the time. As I am learning about nursing theories I can see it. I had individualized the nursing care for this person. I identified the mental and physical problems this patient was facing and tried to implement the appropriate measures. I used my critical thinking skills to establish the patients plan of care. I also got to know the patient and the patients lifestyle and used this in the plan of care (Sitzman, 2002). I had also utilized carative factors without any knowledge of them at the time. According to Vanenhouten, Kubusch, and Peterson (2012) Cultivation of sensitivity to ones self and others, through my own spiritual practices I was putting the patients needs before my own. According to Vanenhouten, Kubusch, and Peterson (2012) Development of a helping, trusting, human caring relationship, I continued to try to help the patient by gaining his trust and proving that I cared. According to Vanenhouten, Kubusch, and Peterson (2012) Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings, I supported the patient and understood the barriers he was facing, and was able to make a connection with the patient that turned both of our negative feelings into a very positive experience for the both of us. According to Vanenhouten, Kubusch, and Peterson (2012) Promotion of a transpersonal teaching and learning, I took into account the patients current situation and developed his plan of care as well as all of the education I provided around his level of understanding and the barriers he faced being in jail. I reflect on this situation a lot and have told the story many times when I have come across a nurse that is feeling like giving up. A nurse really can make a difference in someones life when they are caring for a patient with their heart. Whether or not it is physical or mental a nurse can save someones life with a caring nurse-patient relationship. Caring and healing, I believe that one cannot exist without the other. Lukose, A. (2011, Jan). Developing a practice model for Watsons theory of caring. Nursing Science Quarterly, 24(1), 27-30. Caruso, E., Cisar, N., Pipe, T. (2008, April/June). Creating a healing environment: An innovative educational approach for adopting Jean Watsons theory of human caring. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 32(2). Vanenhouten, C., Kubusch, S., Peterson, M. (2012, Nov/Dec). Watsons theory of transpersonal caring Factors impacting nurses professional caring. Holistic Nursing Practice, 26(6), 326-334. Morris, D. L. (2006). Encyclopedia of nursing research (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.comezproxy.apollolibrary.com.docreview/189451612?acciuntid=458. Morris, D. L. (2006). Encyclopedia of nursing research (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.comezproxy.apollolibrary.com.docreview/189451612?acciuntid=458.

Q-syte Connector on Prevention of Thrombophlebitis

Q-syte Connector on Prevention of Thrombophlebitis CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION â€Å"To do what nobody else will do, a way that nobody else can do, inspite of all we go through; is to be a nurse.† Rawsi Williams.RN. The first principle to enunciate in a hospital is â€Å"do the sick no harm† (Florence Nightingale, 1859). Curing is a part of doctors and caring is in nurses’ domain. The intravenous (IV) cannulation is a very common procedure which is performed by nurses to save the lives of the patients. Though IV therapy saves the life if it is not handled well it will result in many complications. Carson.D. et al, stated in 2012 that the history of IV therapy was trailed during the Middle Ages. The first experiments using IV therapy were carried out in the 17th century using quills and animals bladder. In 1831-1832, Dr. Thomas Latta pioneered the use of the IV saline infusion for the cholera epidemic. It was then established as a routine medical practice during World War II. By the 1990s, it was estimated that 85% of hospitalized patients in the US received IV therapy.A nursing survey in 1990 found that 75% of a nurses hospital time was spent providing IV therapy related services. The most frequent complication of peripheral intravenous (PIV) infusion is phlebitis, which may occur at rates as high as 50%,or even 75% for patients with infectious diseases; however, the incidence rate of urgent catheter insertion is approximately 20%. Although the incidence of IV infusion-related infections is difficult to determine, studies have shown that between 5% and 25% of peripheral cathet ers are colonized by skin organisms at the time of removal.(Aston 1990). Ortega, et.al, (2008) observed that the ability to obtain PIV access is an essential skill for all nurses. Although this technique is considered as a simple invasive procedure, mastering the skill requires experience and is of substantial significance in life-saving intervention. According to Waitt ,C. and Waitt, P., approximately 80% of patients are receiving IV therapy during their hospitalisation. The IV therapy is commonly used to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalance, for medication administration, for blood transfusion, etc. When comparing with other routes, the IV route is faster for fluid resuscitation and medication administration. In 2003, Macklin found that IV therapy has some common complications like phlebitis, infiltration, hematoma, extravasations, embolism, catheter related blood stream infections, etc. Drug induced thrombophlebitis is 25% to 70% comparatively higher in clinical setting for patients who are receiving IV therapy. Luer Access Split Septum (LASS) eliminates the internal complexities of mechanical valves, and with them the places that may harbour microorganisms. Studies found that patients are on average three times more likely to develop a Catheter Related Blood Stream Infection (CRBSI) with the use of mechanical valves vs. a split-septum needless access system. NEED FOR THE STUDY PIV cannulation is a very common invasive procedure performed by nurses throughout their duty schedule. The IV cannulation procedure is simple but it requires a lot of skills. If the cannulised site is disturbed or not maintained properly it may result in many other complications which increase the number of days in hospital as well as the cost of treatment. The intravenous catheter related infections (CRI) come under the quality indicators of a hospital. As nurses we should therefore follow our ethics and improve the quality of our nursing care by implementing evidence based innovative principles. In 2001, Reineck observed that maintenance of IV cannula patency is important to reduce the patient discomforts like visible scaring and CRI. Black et al., in 1997, found that blood clots may form in the IV line as a result of kinked IV tubing, very slow infusion rate, solution administration, etc. The CDC recommends according to 2011 guidelines, that when needleless systems are used, a split septum valve may be preferred over some mechanical valves due to an increased risk of infection with the latter ones. Recently, updated guidelines from the CDC provide a critical new evidence based intervention of Q-Syte which helps to overcome the challenges of CRBSI. When compared to the other connectors, the Q-Syte or the mechanical valve split–septum devices have 64% to 70% lower CRBSI rates. Salgado, D.C., et al , conducted a study to determine whether needleless mechanical valve device have any influence on catheter related blood stream infection among patients with a central venous catheter . He found that there was a marked decrease in the incidence of CRBSI . The investigator during her clinical experience observed that many patients who received intermittent IV drug therapy suffered from thrombophlebitis, being thus the primary cause of infection. Some studies as well as the CDC recommend to use of luer lock access along with the IV cannula. This motivated the researcher to study and to found more alternatives for preventing thrombophlebitis. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Effectiveness of Q-Syte Connector on Prevention of thrombophlebitis , IV Line Patency and Ease of Administration of Medication Among the Patients with Peripheral IV Cannula in KMCH, Coimbatore. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study are to: assess the magnitude of occurrence of thrombophlebitis and IV line patency among patients with a Q-Syte connector; compare the occurrence of thrombophlebitis and IV line patency among patients with a Q-Syte connector and those who do not have a Q-Syte connector; compare the ease of administration of medication for patients connected with Q-Syte and those without Q-Syte connector; associate the occurrence of thrombophlebitis and peripheral line occlusion with demographic variables. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Q- SYTE: A Luer Access Split Septum device connector which can be connected to the peripheral IV line. PATENCY: An absence of blockage in PIV line as observed by the flow of fluid without resistance. THROMBOPHLEBITIS: An inflammation of blood vessel due to blood clot. HYPOTHESIS H1 There is a significant difference in the occurance of thrombophlebitis between the patients with Q-Syte and those who are without Q-Syte in preventing of thrombophlebitis. H2 There is a significant difference in maintaining the IV line patency between the patients with Q-Syte and patients without Q-Syte. H3- There is a significant difference in easing the administration of medication between the patients with Q-Syte and patients without Q-Syte . ASSUMPTION Occlusion of a PIV line may result in the development of thrombophlebitis. Q-Syte prevents the occlusion of PIV line by preventing air entry and backflow. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework of this study was based on the modified Kolcaba comfort model. This theory was developed by Katharine Kolcaba in1990 and modified again by her in 2010. HEALTH CARE NEEDS Health care needs are those identified by the patient or its family in a particular practice setting. In the present study, the health care needs were the prevention from thrombophlebitis and the maintenance of IV line patency among the patients receiving IV drugs. HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR When patients and families are accustomed to the actions of the health care personnel (i.e. nurses), they can involve better in the health seeking behaviour which can be internal or external. In the present study, health seeking behaviours were internal when about the prevention of thrombophlebitis and external behaviour when about the functional outcome. INTERVENING VARIABLES Intervening variables are those which are not likely to change and over which the providers have a very little control such as prognosis, financial situations, the extent of social support, etc. In the present study, the intervening variables were prognosis and the extent of the social support system around the patient. COMFORT INTERVENTION Comfort is an immediate desirable outcome of nursing care. Nurses traditionally provide comfort to patients and their families through interventions that can be called comfort measures. The intentional comforting nursing actions strengthen the patients and their family. In the present study, the comfort measure was the setting of Q-Syte connector along with the IV cannula in the experimental group and not in the control group. ENHANCED COMFORT Enhanced comfort is an immediate desirable outcome of nursing care. In the present study, the enhanced comfort was the relief from thrombophlebitis by maintaining the IV patency. INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRITY Institutional integrity is defined as the values, the financial stability and the wholeness of health care organisations at local, regional, state and national levels. In the present study, the institutional integrity was the financial stability and the wholeness of the health care organisation. 7. BEST PRACTICE Best practices are the protocols and the procedures developed by an institution after collecting evidence on specific applications on the patient. In the present study, the best practice was the setting of Q-Syte connectors along with IV cannula for patients receiving such injections. 1

The SAT Controversy :: essays papers

The SAT Controversy 1) According to the video and the article, who and how was the SAT developed and for what purpose? The SAT, or as it was called in the beginning, the Scholastic Aptitude Test, had its debut in the late 1930’s. In 1933, a gentleman by the name of James Bryant Conant became the president of Harvard University. At the time he became president, only the elite in the area were admitted into Harvard. This distinct social group was all male, all white, all Protestant, most Episcopalian. They basically were descendents of the Puritans who had come from Europe. These were decent people but they had formed a very closed group, almost a club, and controlled everything. James Conant was not particularly fond of this group and he wanted to unlock the hold they had not only on Harvard but on all of America. He had a vision, which actually originated with Thomas Jefferson, that there were people across America who were very intelligent, very talented, and very successful and you needed to find them, educate them and then let them run the country. His goal was a classless society. However, he needed a way to identify these people so he could bring them to Harvard to get that education. As a step in that direction, Conant instituted a new scholarship program for boys who were academically gifted and who did not come from the elite Eastern boarding schools where Harvard had always received its students. However, Conan needed a way to evaluate these students. He gave that task to his assistant dean, Henry Chauncey. Henry Chauncey was a very ambitious individual who loved mental testing. Chauncey met a man, named Carl Brigham who had been part of the army’s IQ testing team during World War I. Eventually, Carl Brigham adapted the army’s IQ test for use in college admissions and Chauncey reported back to Conant about the new SAT test. Conant wanted assurance, however, that this test was a test of pure intelligence and not of the quality of the education a student had received. It was important to him that boys of low or modest means and schooling not be penalized. Chauncey reassured Conant and the SAT was adopted to evaluate the applicants for the scholarship to Harvard. Later it was accepted as the entrance exam into Harvard for all students and eventually all Ivy League schools.

The Degradation of Music for Mass Consumption Essay -- Argumentative P

The Degradation of Music for Mass Consumption From the very first time that someone decided to experiment with a musical tradition, the cry has gone out that "true," "pure," and "good" music is dead to society, and that music itself is on a perpetual slide to oblivion. All apostrophe aside, this is a serious matter to consider. Music inhabits a significant place in all cultures. Musical style is very much a function of the Zeitgeist, reflecting the prevalent tone of the dynamics and pulse of a specific time. As an artistic medium, music has as much to do with the shaping of society, or as a shaped response to society, as do television, literature, language, or art. The fact that we find music pervading so many of our endeavors bears this out. There is nothing like music. A musical composition is a singular, tangible, emotional and intellectual outlet for our expression, so it should be no surprise that the direction of music resonates importance with so many people. Which brings us to the topic: Is the popular music of today of any value, and what does it bode for future music? In the introduction, I have suggested that the style of popular music of a particular period reflects that period. The particular style that is chosen is the artist's response to the agony and ecstasy, or something in between, of the time. The great thing about music, though, is that it can express anything. The Zeitgeist serves as a filter for the form of the music. In this way, the artist can make his point in a medium that is both accessible and acceptable to the listener. Not unlike language, the artist wants to communicate with his audience, and in order to do that, must speak the audience's language. Of course, music, essentially, has only on... ...40 radio, one can easily hear a drum sampling or melody from one popular song sampled directly onto another, an horrific development. Here is music offered to the public, involving virtually no effort by the artist, with massive monetary reimbursement not just expected, but demanded, by today's arrogant performers. The public sucks up image over ability, style over substance. This abominable trend will not right itself until a desire is expressed by the public for some real music, on a large scale. As with any business, the most effective method is purchasing power. Especially in today's market, music production is expensive, and a panhandling amateur will not survive long without financial backing. By identifying and understanding objective values in music and associating them with one's own subjective values, we may yet find an egress from our musical morass.

Jade of Peony Essay -- Literary Analysis, Wayson Choy

We have all been in a situation where we have immigrated to a new country for different reasons regarding, better future, or education. In the book Jade of Peony, Wayson Choy describes a struggle of a Chinese family as they settle in Canada, with their new generation of kids born here, the family struggles to keep their children tied to their Chinese customs and traditions as they fit in this new country. The Chinese culture needs to be more open minded as it limits the future generation’s potential. Chinese culture limitations are seen through the relationship expectations, education, gender roles and jobs. Firstly, the relationship expectations in Chinese customs and traditions were strongly held onto. The daughters of the Chinese family were considered as a shame for the family. The sons of the family were given more honour than the daughters. In addition, some daughters were even discriminated. â€Å"If you want a place in this world ... do not be born as a girl child† (Choy 27). The girls from the Chinese family were considered useless. They were always looked down upon in a family; they felt as if the girls cannot provide a family with wealth. Chinese society is throwing away its little girls at an astounding rate. For every 100 girls registered at birth, there are 118 little boys in other words, nearly one seventh of Chinese girl babies are going missing (Baldwin 40). The parents from Chinese family had a preference for boys as they thought; boys could work and provide the family income. Due to Chinese culture preference to having boys, girls often did not have the right to live. In the Chinese ethnicity, the family always obeyed the elder’s decision. When the family was trying to adapt to the new country and they were tryin... ...king in the same field would. Therefore, the Chinese culture resists the new generations potential, due to the gender roles and jobs. In conclusion, Chinese cultures prohibition is seen, by observing the relationship expectations, education, and gender roles and jobs. The Chinese culture needs to be more cultivated as it constricts the newer generation’s capability in Canada. In Wayson Choy’s book The Jade of Peony, he describes the struggles of a immigrated Chinese family, as they try to follow two cultures to adjust in a new country like Canada, but still hang on to the old traditions of China, the kids of the family struggled as they tried to follow these two cultures. We have all been in a similar situation where we have immigrated to a new country to seek a better future where we have a better lifestyle and education, to help our family grow.

Implicit cognition Essay

Implicit cognition refers to internal influences that affect an individual’s behaviours. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that an individual’s past experiences can influence their judgements in   fashion that the individual is not introspectively aware of – i.e. the person is not conscious of the fact that the experiences have affected his/her perceptions in such a way. (Greenwald & Banaji, pg 4; 1995) Evidence supports the view that social behaviour and attitudes in particular are often based largely on unconscious attitudes, for example an individual’s attitudes towards a specific ethnic group are prone to be implicitly influenced. Implicit attitudes are commonly thought to mainly effect cognitive bias in a negative way (e.g. racism), however Edward Thorndike (1920) named the ‘halo effect’, upon observing that personality ratings showed a tendency for positive attributes to be associated with other positive attributes more than they should be (Greenwald & Banaji, pg 9; 1995). A great amount of ‘halo effect’ research has been based on using physical attractiveness as the objectively irrelevant attribute that influences perception of other characteristics. Studies have shown that attractive people are judged to possess greater social skills as well as being more successful in employment (Dion, Berscheid & Walster; 1972). As previously mentioned implicit cognition is caused by past experiences influencing judgement in ways that the individual is not introspectively aware, thus it is imperative to use indirect measures to gauge an individual’s implicit attitudes. The distinction between direct and indirect measures depends on the relationship between what the subject is informed about the purpose of a measure and what the researcher chooses to interpret from the subject’s response to the measure (Greenwald & Banaji, pg 8; 1995) – the researcher will inform the subject that one attribute is being measured when in fact the researcher will interpret information about another attribute based on the subjects response to the measure. It is necessary to use indirect measures because implicit attitudes are by definition attitudes that an individual is unable to report as they are unaware of their existence i.e. implicit attitudes are beyond an individual’s introspective limits. For the purpose of this essay I have chosen to examine the reaction time based ‘Implicit Association Test’ (IAT) and Facial Electromyography (fEMG) which is based on physiological measurement. Implicit attitudes result in projections of behaviour or judgments that are under the control of automatically activated evaluation, without the actor’s awareness of that causation. The IAT procedure seeks to measure implicit attitudes by measuring their underlying automatic evaluation. A beneficial property of the IAT is that it may resist individuals masking their attitudes using self presentation strategies (e.g. providing false responses in order to gain social acceptance or avoid criticism). In short, the IAT may reveal attitudes and other automatic associations even or those who prefer not to express those attitudes (Greenwald et al, pg 1464-5; 1998). The IAT is performed over a series of five stages; the first stage is called ‘Target Concept Discrimination’ in this stage the target concept is introduced and the subject is instructed to simply pair the stimuli with its corresponding concept, for example a study on implicit attitudes towards sexual preference (Project Implicit – an online database of IATs offering the test to the public, spearheaded by Dr Anthony Greenwald, Dr Brian Nosek and Dr Maharin Banaji) presents the subject with the task concepts ‘gay’ and ‘straight’, the subject is then presented with images displaying gay or straight couples or words such as homosexual and heterosexual. When the stimulus appears on screen the subject pairs it with the corresponding category – picture of a man and wife pairs with straight concept. The next stage in the IAT is ‘Associated Attribute Discrimination’ as previously this stage is presented as a two- category discrimination task. The subject is asked to pair words such as happiness, love, agony, strife with the corresponding attributes good and bad according to which attribute best suits their meaning. Following the introduction to the ‘Target Concept Discrimination’ and to the ‘Associates Attribute Dimension’, the two are amalgamated in the third stage –i.e. gay and good on one side of the screen and straight and bad on the other or vice versa. During this stage stimuli for target and attribute discriminations appear on alternate trials. For example’ a picture of a homosexual couple would be shown followed by the word ‘famine’.   As previously the subject pairs the stimuli with their matching category. The fourth stage consists of reversing the target concepts position in the experiment and the final stage of the experiment combines the ‘Reversed Target Concept Discrimination’ with attribute discrimination. For example the gay concept is now on the same side of the screen as bad. The subject is then presented with alternating stimuli and pairs them with the appropriate concept or attribute. If the target concepts are differentially associated with the attribute dimension, the subject should find one of the combined task (either the third stage or the fifth stage) to be more difficult than the other- this is shown in the subjects reaction time; longer reaction times suggest the subject has higher difficulty pairing an attribute with a concept. The measure of the difference in difficulty is used to provide the measure of implicit attitudinal difference between the target categories (Greenwald et al, pg 1465-6; 1998). In the example of implicit attitudes towards sexual preference, it should be easier to complete the task when straight is combined with good if there is a stronger association between heterosexuals and good meanings than between homosexuals and good meaning, thus showing an implicit attitude of bias towards heterosexuals. Also it is common to use training stages before each of the combined discrimination stages to reduce the effects the order of the combined discrimination tasks has on the IAT results. Since the IAT was first described by Dr. Anthony Greenwald et al in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 1998 it has grown exponentially in popularity, having been used in over 300 published studies and cited in over 800 articles (Azar, 2008). Among the reasons for the success of the IAT are its relative ease of use, the large effect sizes it creates, its high level of adaptability and its resistance to subject’s faking their responses. To show the validity of the IAT Greenway et al (1998) used the classical known-groups validity measure. This measure consists of using groups whom are known previous to the experiment to differ regarding the construct of interest. Greenwald et al used Americans of Korean and Japanese descent to test the validity of the IAT. The participants had to classify positive and negative words along with typical Korean and Japanese names in the combined discrimination stage, as expected the IAT results showed that individuals of Korean or Japanese descent were prone to hold mutually negative implicit attitudes towards the other ethnicity (Banse et al pg 146; 2001). It has been disputed that the reason for these IAT results is at least partially based on ethnic groups being more familiar with names associated with in their own group, i.e. positive IAT scores may reflect familiarity more so than sympathy with their own ethnic group. Another commonly expressed concern with the internal validity of the IAT is the order in which the combined discrimination tasks appear. Greenwald et al (1998) expressed that all other thing being equal, strengths of associations used in the first of the IAT’s two combined tasks had a tendency to be stronger than those used in the second combined task. However, in a subsequent study Nosek et al (2005) showed that an increase in the length of the training stages before each of the combined discrimination stages can result the order having less of an effect on the IAT scores. If the pairing order effect is due to the interference caused by learning and becoming accustomed to an initial response set and subsequently needing to replace it with a new response set, then extra practice with the new response set may act to reduce this effect. (Nosek et al, pg 177; 2005). Furthermore the IAT is designed that the order of the combined discrimination task be random.

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) of water sample analysis Essay

Qualitative data: – Collected sample was very murky – The first end point colour was of a yellow colour, perhaps not light enough – Addition of starch indicator produced a grey-black solution; perhaps did not add enough indicator, however this did not pose as a problem – There was one occasion where I suspected to have added too much sodium thiosulphate, however the second trial indicated that I did not go past the end point too much Calculations To calculate the dissolved oxygen content (mg/dm ³ or ppm), we must first determine the number of mols of thiosulphate from the mean titrated volume of both samples. In this case, we will use sample A. The Winkler method indicates that the relationship between the amount of oxygen and thiosulphate is a four to one ratio. Therefore, we will divide the number of mols of thiosulphate by four to get the number of mols of oxygen. Then we convert this to milligrams per dm ³ first by multiplying by 20 to arrive with the number of mols present in 1dm ³ (because the pond water sample used was 50cm ³). Then we multiply that number by 32 (molecular mass of oxygen) to attain the number of grams of oxygen. Then finally, the number is multiplied by 1000 to be converted into milligrams. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) would therefore be the difference between the DO of sample A and sample B.

Non-Fiction: Useful and Informative

Non-fiction not only has the potential to make the world a better place, it actually does make the world a better place (poor intro, sorry). Non-fiction is everywhere – on the news, in newspapers, in books, and even on the internet. It is very useful and informative. If it was not for non-fiction, we would not know anything about our planet, and the events that are taking place in it. It is undoubted that non-fiction makes the world a better place. Firstly, non-fiction has already helped us evolve to the point that we are at now.So not only does it have the potential to make the world a better place, it has been forever helping us in our ambitions to make the world a better place, and will continue to do so. It has been around forever. In fact, cave paintings from about 32,000 years ago display a man coming home from a successful hunting trip, and they also showed what tools he used, so other people could do so as well. Things like this have been happening throughout history, up to this present day. Even things like science reports have helped many people, in many different says.Additionally, non-fiction is very informative. Not only does it let us know interesting facts, but also keeps you updated about events and affairs that are occurring in our world. Non-fiction is great because not only does it tell us about all this, but it is extremely easy to access. Simply watch the news on TV, buy a newspaper, or go on the internet, and you will be instantly inundated by interesting and useful facts. Finally, non-fiction books are very good for educating children.Non- action teaches kids about culture, historic moments in time, extraordinary people, and many other things. A great example of this is â€Å"Simpson and his Donkey', the story of a man and his donkey, who in World War II in the battlefields of Galileo, saved many lives by transporting wounded soldiers to safe ground. So not only does non-fiction entertain and inform children about historic events, but it teaches them valuable life lessons, which is a small step in making the world a better place.In conclusion, non-fiction has already helped us evolve to where we are at now, so obviously, it not only has the potential to make the world a better place, it does make the world a better place. Simply things like being updated with world events, and teaching children about history, are Just a couple of the many reasons why non- fiction makes the world a better place. So unless all of the known laws of the universe have changed in the past couple of hours, and nobody bothered to tell me, non- fiction definitely makes the world a better place. Non-Fiction: Useful and Informative By Breakfast

No Child Left Behind vs. Inequalities Essay

The American educational system suffers from a wide disparity between the poor and rich schools in the country. Race relations is a prominent cause of the problem wherein the white-dominated school districts get the most funding and government support while non-white children live in poverty, academic underachievement, indifferent government officials and hopelessness. The No Child Left Behind Act seeks to lessen this disparity by equalizing governmental funding, ensuring a competent teaching workforce and instilling a system of accountability. However, like many other laws, No Child Left Behind has its shortcomings and needs re-examination and/or fine tuning to ensure its effectiveness. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Issues in Jonathan Kozol’s Book Through the book Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools, Kozol (1991) made several noteworthy points such as (1) many schools in poverty-stricken areas have non-white children comprising the majority of their student populations, (2) poor, run-down schools in non-white neighborhoods view themselves as serving those children who have little value to the country, (3) students, school administrators, public officials and community residents have a shared feeling of hopelessness for their plight and nobody is willing to be accountable for the problem, and (4) increased funding for the poorest schools in America can make a difference if this is accompanied by a change in the society’s attitude (pp. 82, 114, 243). Former US President George W. Bush signed â€Å"The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001† into law on January 8, 2002 as part of his educational reform agenda (â€Å"No Child†, 2007). The Act sought for immense transformation in America’s K-12 education by underscoring four principles: (1) greater accountability for results, (2) increased flexibility and local control, (3) expanded options for parents, and (4) an emphasis on proven and effective teaching methods (â€Å"New Jersey†, 2006). The four principles are aligned with the areas of racial inequalities among schools as identified by Kozol (Check, 1992, p. 1) which include funding, governmental assistance, political support, buildings upkeep, quality of educators, availability of and funding for school supplies, extra-curricular facilities, overcrowding and accountability system (Warner, 2002, n. d. ). Extent of Effectiveness of the Act Some of No Child Left Behind’s remedies are more pronounced in student academic performance. Thompson and Barnes (2007) cite that albeit slow progress, NCLB yields favorable results in strengthening student academic achievement. For example, scores in mathematics among 4th and 8th graders from 2003 to 2005 increased nationwide with scores for Hispanic and African American students showing significant improvement in the same period. Further, 4th graders’ national average scores in reading improved while achievement gap between African American and Hispanic 4th graders narrowed slightly from 2003 to 2005 (p. 16). More than two-thirds of the states also reported that test scores disparity in terms of race, income, or language background has lessened or stayed the same (Rentner et. al. , 2006 as cited in Thompson and Barnes, 2007, p. 16). On the contrary, the mostly debated shortcomings of the law fall in three areas. First, its stringent assessment and reporting requirements forced educators to allocate instructional time in preparation for assessment thereby suppressing creative learning in the classroom. Secondly, the Department of Education has failed to immediately ensure and monitor that the states comply with the NCLB’s teacher quality provisions; this being done only two years after the effectivity of the law. Lastly, fund disbursements in some states primarily devoted to professional development were done without full consideration of effectiveness or content quality of the trainings (Thompson and Barnes, 2007, pp. 19-20). Conclusion In summary, the NCLB has laid the foundations for educational reform and academic equality but continuous evaluation is essential to make the law work for all. References Check, J. (1992). Book Review: Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Shools, by Jonathan Kozol. The Quarterly, 14 (3). Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. nwp. org/cs/public/print/resource/1139 Kozol, J. (1991). Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools. New York: Harper Collins New Jersey No Child Left Behind. (2006). Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. nj. gov/education/grants/nclb/

Brand launches by agencies, an arrogant pursuit of tactical Essay

Brand launches by agencies, an arrogant pursuit of tactical opportunism which misunderstands the core competences of an advertising agency or a profitable opportunity to earn respect from clients - Essay Example ly focused on how firms try to capture target markets by setting an oligopolistic trend, characterised by an arbitrary controlling mechanism which tap the instinctive faculties of the mid of customers (Jones 1998a:33). There is hardly any room for argument that such practices are, or in fact should be, assessed on the basis of righteousness or reason. This is because any firm or production house reserves the intangible right to maximise its profit by operating within a legitimate proviso. What is still vaguely understood by the proposition of branding is that it is primarily based on creative usage of available resources, and yet, it tends to expand its scope and field of implementation through quantitative measures. The fundamental dualism inherent in these two mechanisms makes it a complex issue to address. Majority of the pioneering ad houses, famous for their innovative business strategies, adopt not so frequently tried means to promote their brands. It is the uniqueness of approaches to what can otherwise be termed as routine brandishing of various products that sets the boys apart from the men, so to speak. As for creating an oligopolistic market and seizing it at the right moment, brand equity plays a defining role. While most of the top brands offer more than what is generically expected out of a non-branded product having similar attribute(s), the topnotch players disseminate their products in a way that encourage fairness and transparency. Brennan et al. (2007) argue that in our age of heterogeneous competition, the chance of discreet marketing can never be discarded altogether. Therefore, retaining the credibility value of production should always be prioritised, regardless of the business model espoused by the concerned firm (105). In line with this principle, it is imperativ e to give out a fair deal on the principle of equity. It will let shareholders and customers feel confident and assured about the products that they want try out for

History of Food in Mexico Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of Food in Mexico - Research Paper Example They are also the ones who introduced chocolates to the Spanish. Regionally, north of Mexico is known for arrachera cut, carne asada dishes. The south part of the country is known for conchinita pibil. Generally, other vegetables and chicken based dishes (Mexico Adventure, 1999). Spain civilization in 1521 brought about fusion of Spanish foods such as pigs, garlic, dairy products and spices with the Mexican traditional cuisine. This was later followed by assimilation of several other cuisines like Portuguese, South Americans and French. In addition, various regions in the country experience different climatic conditions and are of different ethnicities. These are among the reasons why today Mexican foods vary with regions and are a variety (World-food-and-wine. n.d.). Despite the food variety and influence of Mexican dishes there has been the dominance of traditional spices like oregano, cumin and chill powder. The objective of meals being leisurely shared and enjoyed has still remained intact. Furthermore, there are foods mostly taken during various religious and holiday

Domestic violence, Criminal justice Research Paper

Domestic violence, Criminal justice - Research Paper Example The author talks of a disparity that occurs in punishing cases of domestic violence depending on perpetrators. In this case, men are shown to receive harsh treatment and condemnation when they are perpetrators as compared to women perpetrators. For example, some of the key players that have been involved in domestic violence in National Football league have been relieved their duties as opposed to Hope Solo that continues playing despite allegations of assault on her sister and nephew. Also, a major organization such as Nike are shown to continue working with Solo even after damning accusations while they were quick to end ties in public with Rice and Peterson. The argument is that the Solo scenario is not the norm and men are seen as the primary perpetrators of violence. Jarrett, T. (2014, September 10). Why she stayed: Ray Rice video sheds light domestic violence. Retrieved September 27, 2014, from http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/nfl-controversy/why-she-stayed-ray-rice-video-sheds-light-domestic-violence-n200266. The article highlights the issue of domestic violence. Specifically, the author shows how it has been challenging to authenticate due to the environment in which such violence takes place. However, Ray Rice versus Janay issues are used to show various issues related to violence. The case was significant as it helped in highlighting issues related to domestic violence with a video. Most of the women are also shown to stay with their partner despite the abuse. On the other hand, the men are shown as not seeing anything bad with the rampant abuse of women. The media are also shown to lack ethics in addressing Janay’s case. The media role appears that of highlighting various crimes that occur in the country. Moreover, the purpose appears to offer sensational reporting with no analysis. However, the media help in reviving the debate concerning crime and also attracts the attention of the policy

Summary and response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary and response - Essay Example le media such as tv, books, computers, mp3 players and video games by children in the United States are cited, and questions are raised regarding the proper response to such emerging issues. A short questionnaire is supplied, and readers are invited to test themselves against these questions to see whether or not they suffer from internet addiction. The authors conclude with some advice regarding early interventions and treatment and there is a reference list with useful sources for further reading. This is an informative article which explains the relation between internet usage and other types of behavior which can be quite normal when carried out in moderation, but become pathological when taken to an extreme. It gives good advice on a rather simplistic level and this makes it suitable general public readership. The article describes what internet addiction is, how it can affect people, and what to do about it, but there is no consideration of the causes of this problem or any statistic on trends across countries and through time. The authors asked the question whether internet addiction is an epidemic or a fad, but they did not fully answer this question. They admit that it is a problem â€Å"for at least as subset of internet users† (Jaffe and Uhls, 2011, p.1) but it is hard to tell how serious or widespread this problem is. I would like to have seen a deeper analysis of the reasons why people are so drawn to the internet and what the bigger implications are for Ame rican lifestyle and culture now and in the future. Jaffe, Adi and Uhls, Yalda T. â€Å"Internet Addiction – Epidemic or Fad?: Can people really get addicted to the holy internet?† Psychology Today. November 17, 2011. Available at:

Perceptions about Art Education from the Curators End Assignment

Perceptions about Art Education from the Curators End - Assignment Example The author of the paper states that for the curator to deal with his on the job and the off the job functions, it is necessary that the curator is educated and up to date with various forms and kinds of art. In order to further the education and research of curators, it is the duty of the curator and the employing institution to allow for research and personal growth. Additionally, the curator should be allowed to interact with art experts and curators through the course of regularly scheduled meetings, conferences and through specialist interactions. Another important tool in the curator’s educational arsenal is various forms of catalogs. These publications and others like them are required to educate both the aspiring curator and the expert curator alike. As new developments take place in the world of art, it is important that the curator is updated effectively through a properly standardized channel of communication such as catalogs and information plaques. Another interest ing aspect to note is that the curator from a few decades ago was required to be well informed about works of art alone. However, the modern curator is required to have knowledge of people and their interests so that exhibitions may be successful. It has been suggested that the modern curator should perform small exhibitions in order to gauge the interest of the public so that larger exhibitions are more successful. Certain scholars have argued that the roles of the modern curator have assumed new dimensions due to the growth of new tools of engagement with wider audiences. The modern curator has been interpreted as being a marketer, an interpreter, a program producer, a conservator, and other such allied roles. The modern curator has to be more involved with people and presentation compared to the traditional curator given the massive changes in how communication is managed. It is relevant to note that the uptight and self ostracised curator of the past has given way to a more inte ractive and friendly curator in the present era. Currently, the role and use of art education in curatorial practice are available but its participation needs to be increased given the kinds of new roles and responsibilities that the modern curator in the museum will have to face. The current frameworks for educating curators through museums are limited in their scope and the means that are being utilized. It is common to notice conventional means such as catalogs, information plaques, physical conferences and the like organized by museums. The need of the hour is to expand the current conventional museum curator education frameworks to incorporate digital means and channels of education. The education of the modern curator is not about becoming aware of art or of developing awareness about other myriad people interaction roles. Instead, the modern curator has to be taught to assume an independent learning framework that allows the modern curator to remain afloat in the vast sea of knowledge throughout his entire career. Presently, the curator is provided with a fixed educational frame within the museum environment that consists in large part on conventional means of education as mentioned above. The greater burden of the curator’s education has to be left to the curator himself since the museum can only act as a channel for education.  

Research and Employability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research and Employability - Essay Example I have already decided how to accomplish this goal of mine. My plan is to get enrolled in one of the premium law institutes and graduate with a full time law degree. This will be the first step in achieving my ambition. I also feel that having a law degree coupled with in-depth knowledge of information technology will definitely help me succeed in life. In order to attain professional success one has to learn to stay employable in every possible economic scenario. Therefore it is evident that knowledge of labor markets as well as the understanding relationship between skill sets, education and employability is of critical significance. It has been found that the definition of employability as defined in the official statements that is used as a basis by the policy makers does not reflect the true picture. Hillage and Pollard (1998:1) suggest that ‘employability is about having the capability to gain initial employment, maintain employment and obtain new employment if requiredâ €™. According to this definition employability primarily depends on individual capability to stay in one job or have the ability to get employed in a new job. It is evident that given the today’s market scenario, this definition is incomplete and does not consider all the factors that have a bearing on individual employability. To begin with, this definition ignores the impact of external factors, such as labor markets trends, and financial position of the economy on employability. In other words, Hillage and Pollard consider employability to be primarily a function of educational qualifications and the requisite skills required to perform on a particular job which is not the case at all. In actual fact employability is both a relative as well as an absolute concept. Philip Brown was successful in recognizing this fact and his description of employability is more comprehensive and in line with the requirements of the modern business world. Employability is impacted by the changes in the labor markets which in turn are affected by the national economy. For instance if there is a shortage of labor supply in relation to the jobs, then even the unemployed will be successful in getting jobs. On the other hand if there is a shortage of jobs as compared to labor, then there is a very high possibility, that despite of having all the professional qualification, one may not be able to get a job of choice or in line with his expertise. Another concept in relation to employability recognized by Brown et al is the role positional competition plays in determining the employability of professionals especially fresh graduated who are looking for employment opportunities. In other words according to Brown, employability not only depends on how good or educated you are but also your competence levels when compared with other who are applying of similar job positions. Only if you are perceived as more qualified by the employers as compared with your competitions, you will be successful in getting the job of your choice. Therefore in order to succeed in remaining employable one had to have the understanding of this concept of duality. In addition to the above mentioned aspects of employability, there is another dimension which has a close relationship with this concept. This dimension is termed as social identity. According to this

The Issue of Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Issue of Abortion - Essay Example Clinical research has proved that despite the anesthesia, 90 percent of women having abortions reported having physiological pain during the procedure.   30 percent of these women reported having severe and intense pain which is more painful than the bone fracture and is of the same severity as the cancer pain. Moreover, the scientific evidence supports the notion that abortions cause psychological harm to women. Society has divided in its opinion over the right of women to have the abortion. The pro-life movement was initiated with the aim to persuade women in preserving human life. The pro-life thinking is based on three foundations: people (even criminals) have the right to live and it is morally wrong to kill, the fetus is the distinct human being from the very moment of conceptions, and women have the duty to preserve the life even if the pregnancy is not wanted. Science tells that the pregnant woman has a new life inside which is completely a new human being. Notably, when most abortions take place, the baby has already beating heart and brain waves. The unborn baby, fetus, is the unique human being, just as his mother and father, and he deserve being protected by law and granted the right to live. According to statistics, most of the abortions are performed after nine weeks of pregnancy and the potential mother becomes the murder of the fetus who already has an active brain and beating heart. It can be argued that fetus is a human being and is not a person. However, medicine points out that the fetus is the living organism, he is alive from the moment of conception (Klusendorf 12). Of course, it is possible to say that the living organism is not yet a person, but a fetus is nothing other than the human creature. At the moment the sperm and egg are united, 23 chromosomes from the father and 23 chromosomes from the mother are brought together. The fetus has unique DNA from this very moment. The fetus is not the potential life, he is the human being who is growing and getting older.